Characterized by an alternation of generations between a well developed sporophyte producing spores and an independent gametophyte. The gametophyte generation forms gametes by mitosis. It is speculated that life began in the oceans, and through millions of years of evolution, life slowly adapted on to dry land. Pteridophytes biology encyclopedia plant, body, different. Most pteridophytes are terrestrial and grow in moist and shady places while some flourish well in open, dry places especially in xeric conditions. The pteridophytes include the ferns, horsetails, and the lycophytes clubmosses. If all the spores are of same size the plant is said to. For a long time, fern spores viability has been measured by means of germination percentage. Ferns stand out among garden regulars for their lack of flowers and seeds. Pteridophytes are seedless, and they procreate through spores. Though most pteridophytes are homosporus producing spores of the same size and of no particular gender, some species are heterosporus which means they produce spores of different sizes and.
Some pteridophytes are aquatic and some are epiphytes. The origin of the sporophyte in land plants represents a fundamental phase in plant evolution. A total of species belonging to 45 genera were recorded, with dryopteris as the largest genera including twelve species followed by athyrium, pteris and polystichum. Spore production is particularly common among bacillus and clostridium bacteria, several species of which are diseasecausing. Pteridophytes research papers lembar kerja adlaah salah satu media belajar dalam sisitem pembelajaran kontruktivis. This is the largest and highly evolved group of pteridophytes and is represented by about 9,000 species which show a wide range of distribution. May 07, 2018 firstly, pteridophytes are the vascular plants plants having xylem and phloem that reproduces via spores. Its a group which between bryophyte and spermatophyte. Pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves known as fronds, roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks.
Each androcyte metamorphoses into a single motile antherozoid. General characteristics of pteridophytes key points. Pdf studies on the spore morphology of pteridophytes. Possibly many more cryptic species are yet to be discovered and designated.
The cryptogamia was further divided into thallophyta. Spore release and dispersal last updated on tue, 07 apr 2020 ferns once spores have been formed, it stands to reason that they can only effect the next stage in the alternation process if they are released, dispersed, and alight somewhere conducive to germination and gametophyte growth. Bryophytes also are extremely widespread, being present on all continents, including antarctica. In bryophytes the gametophytic generation is the dominant phase in the life cycle and. Polypodiidae leptosporangiate ferns, the most speciesrich group marattiidae marattioid ferns pteridophyta characteristics. The function of tropophyll is to only photosynthesize. A fern polypodiopsida or polypodiophyta is a member of a group of vascular plants plants with xylem and phloem that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. Some pteridophytes of medicinal importance from rajasthan. Article pdf available january 2016 with 2,123 reads how we measure reads. Introduction to the microbiology of food processing small plant news guidebook series bacteria can be placed into two groups based on their ability to form spores. Pdf palynomorphic studies on the pteridophytes of kolli. Our discovery discloses a new species of adders tongue fern and ranking it among the smallest terrestrial fern in the world, attaining an average size of only 11.
Bryophyte and pteridophyte spores and other palynomorphs in. Gametophytes of epiphytic and epipetric pteridophytes occur frequently in bryophyte colonies. Similarities and differences between leptosporangia and eusporangia of pteridophytes sporangia are the specialized spore producing structures found in plants. Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores. About one third of the pollen grains in these two samples are corroded and the concentration of grains is also low. Introduction to the microbiology of food processing. Discovery of the worlds smallest terrestrial pteridophyte. There are about eleven thousand different species of pteridophytes, making them the most diverse land plants after the flowering. It has many spores, real differentiation of rhizel and frond. Jul 06, 2009 for the best answers, search on this site evolutionarily, they are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues xylem and phloem,in pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.
Pteridophyta is also called ferns, belong to vascular plants, still breed on spores. Spore release and dispersal ferns medicinal plants archive. Botanically, they belong to the division of nonflowering plants known as pteridophyta. This is a very simple method but requires a certain time to ensure that all or most viable spores germinate. The eusporangium is found in most cases and develops from several sporangial initials. Edible fern crosiers young leaves with coiled hookshaped tips are popular in some areas. If two types of spores are present in a single plant species then it is known as the heterosporous pteridophytes. The sporophyte was the dominant phase of the life cycle of these early pteridophytes. An overview and informal key of the ferns of florida1. In this article we will discuss about the classification of pteridophytes. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. In some species of lycopodium, spores germinate in darkness and produce gametophytes. Themorphologof pteridophytes biologicalsciences professorh.
They have leaves, roots, stem and sometimes trunks also. Most pteridophytes have nonchlorophyllous spores whose viability is much higher, of about 3 years on average. There are also some purely aquatic ferns such as water fern or water velvet salvinia molesta and mosquito ferns azolla species. All pteridophytes have a true alternation of generations, in which a dominant sporophyte generation produces spores through meiosis, and a freeliving gametophyte generation forms gametes egg and sperm by mitosis. Among the homosporous typed two types of spores such as monolete and trilete were found. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. They play an important role in plant succession on bare rockssoil. Fern can survive in various climates and on different altitudes. Pteridophytes constitute a significant and important group in the plant kingdom. Other activities to help include hangman, crossword, word scramble, games, matching, quizes, and tests. This chapter is not intended to be an exhaustive treatise on the complexities of moss morphology, but is aimed at providing the background necessary to use the keys and diagnostic descriptions of this flora. Read the introductory remarks and list of characteristics of the bryophytes p. The two types of sporangia are 1 eusporangium and 2 leptosporangium. Among the ferns known so far, perhaps the bracken fern pteridium revolutum syn.
The spore colours are brown, dark brown and yellow. Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes biology boom. The spores of some pteridophytes are capable of germinating in darkness. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that disperses spores. Plants with seeds gymnosperms and angiosperms pmf ias. The ostrich fern matteuccia of northeastern north america is frequently eaten, apparently with. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are also referred to as cryptogams, meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Ferns differ from seed plants in reproducing by spores and from bryophytes in that, like seed plants, they are. The thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes have naked embryos that are called spores. Despite a relatively large number of theories, the actual origins of the vegetative organs of ferns are still unknown. Spores that are produced by pteridophyta are located in spore box which is known as sporangium. An appraisal and conservation strategies for the pteridophytes of. A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns pdf. The predominant plant body is a sporophyte in pteridophytes, while it is a gametophyte in bryophytes.
Fronds in the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. In contrast to the 177 genera and 2,6 species recorded from china, the flora of north america, covering a similar area, has only 96 genera and 554 species. M within the sporangia are developed the diploid spore mother cells or sporocytes. As you may have guessed, spore formers can form spores, and non spore formers cannot form spores. Pteridophyta important types housed in european, japanese. Gametophyte characters spore germination and protonemata a moss begins its life cycle when haploid spores are. Pteridophytes article about pteridophytes by the free. The plant body of bryophytes is more differentiated than that of algae. Here, the dominant sporophyte produces spores through meiosis. Be a common plant in different types of forest, so that it is always found. Taxonomic significance of morphological characters of spores in the.
A concept based exclusive material pteridophytes, gymnosperms. A good portion of the image references used here tap fine image resources for nonflowering vascular plants. The sporophyte is relatively undifferentiated and does not go beyond root, seta and capsule, while in pteridophytes it is distinguished into root, stem, leaves etc. The sporophyte is much larger and longer lived than the gametophyte. In this lesson, well discover the characteristics, classification, and life cycle of the group pteridophyta, which includes plant species like ferns and horsetails. In leptosporangiate forms, the sporangium is small, the wall is one cell in thickness and the spore content is low. Spore morphological characters were analyzed for 83 species of pteridophytes.
It is the dominant generation and what we recongnize as ferns, clubmosses, et cetera. Extant pteridophytes are cosmopolitan but are much better represented in the humid tropics, with only a few families e. They have a long evolutionary history, and some bryophytes are a. With more than 10,000 known species of modern ferns, these plants display tremendous diversity in size, form and cultural needs. Pteridophytes were dominant land plants during the carboniferous era and a major source of todays coal and oil. In the present study, we describe how the spore holding capacity of bryophyte colonies contributes to the retention of pteridophyte spores in a vertical environment. Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes with its origin and economic importance in pteridophyta is a group of ancient plants. And among the first of the plants to truly live on land were the pteridophytes. Many different species have been used as a minor food source and for medicine in various parts of the world. Unlike the bryophytes, these plants are in the mainstream of land plant evolution and eventually gave rise to the seed plants.
They formed the dominant part of the earths during palaeozoic and mesozoic periods on soral evolution. It is usually suggested that the original fern stem was protostelic its stele having no pith or leaf gaps, but this is not necessarily true of the immediate ancestor of modern ferns. The roots are all real except very few crude species, but the main root cant usually be adventitious root. Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction. This group of pteridophytes is commonly known as ferns. The 87 spores were divided in to two major types such as megaspores 4 spores and microspores 83 spores. This group of plants has least been exploited for the medicinal. Their leaves are called fronds, which are highly divided except in a few isolated species.
Jan 23, 2017 the embedded antheridia are commonly found in eusporangiate pteridophytes while the projecting ones are usually found in the leptosporangiate ferns. Nov 20, 2006 in all pteridophytes the dominant plant is the sporophyte brown below with the gametophyte blue below shortlived. The pteropsida differs from other classes in possessing raised leaves mega phylls. The embedded antheridia are commonly found in eusporangiate pteridophytes while the projecting ones are usually found in the leptosporangiate ferns.
Pteridophytes, by virtue of possessing great variety and fascinating foliage, have drawn the attention and admiration of horticulturists and plant lovers for centuries. Studies on the spore morphology of pteridophytes from kolli hills, eastern ghats, tamil nadu, india. They usually occur in damp, humid and shaded localities. They are the vascular plants those having xylem and phloem tissues that reproduce by releasing spores rather than seeds, and they include the highly diverse true ferns and other graceful, primarily forestdwelling plants. Heterosporous megaspores important in species identifications and gametophyte development is endosporic. The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandy soil conditions. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as cryptogams, meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Spores borne in or near the axils of welldifferentiated sprophylls, usually on 4 sided stroboli. Chapter 22 bryophytes university of california, davis.
Pteridophytes ferns and fern allies the plant list. Some of the characters of pteridophytes are as follows. The spores are also used as flash powder in photography and also as finger print powder in forensic investigation. Engler 1909 included the bryophyta and pteridophyta under embryophyta. Spores of equisetum dominate among the pteridophytes. These spore mother cells undergo meioses or reduction division to form spores. H the sporophytic plant reproduces asexually by means of spores which are produced in small capsules called sporangia. Bacterial spores serve largely as a resting, or dormant, stage in the bacterial life cycle, helping to preserve the bacterium through periods of unfavourable conditions. Fern is a vascular, seedless plant that belongs to the group pteridophyta.
An overview and informal key of the ferns of florida. These organs possess well differentiated vascular tissues. Primary and secondary ornamentation of spores of ferns of the family. The reproductive organs of plants in all these three groups are very inconspicuous, and they are therefore called cryptogamae, or those with hidden reproductive organs. Pteridophytes show a true alternation of generations. Endemicity in ferns was found to be lower than that of seed plants due to the higher dispersability of fern spores. This illustrates the size and importance of the pteridophyte flora of china, which is much richer than that of other comparable.
The time period of the giant pteridophyta forests is known as the carboniferious period. In pteridophytes, two types of sporangia are present. Ferns can be used to illustrate the life cycle stages common to all pteridophytes. This fern life cycle is representative of all pteridophytes. Pteridophyta characteristics, life cycle, classification. A fern polypodiopsida or polypodiophyta is a member of a group of vascular plants that.
The use of pteridophytes in these works was classified in seven different types. The colonisation of a former seafloor by ferns wur edepot. Pteridophytes vascular cryptogams or ferns and fern allies comprise about 12 000 species of primitive vascular plants. In the present article an attempt has been made to compile the pharmacological, clinical and medicinal uses of some common pteridophytes available in rajasthan. Free flashcards to help memorize facts about plant diversity. There is no physical connection between these two generations. Unlike the ferns, which are a highly successful, flourishing group, the fern allies as we call the other pteridophytes are virtually living fossils. Pteridophyta is the most highly evolved group among. Among the ferns spore germination in darkness has been noticed in species of osmunda, pteridium, polypodium etc.
In certain species of botrychium, light actually inhibits germination. Leaves that produce spores are called sporophyll and leaves that do not produce spores are called tropophyll. Leaves spirally arranged and often 4ranked on the secondary and ultimate branches. The mature antheridium is globular and consists of an outer sterile wall inside which are found a large number of androcytes. The sporophyte is the conspicuous and familiar plant body. The rhizome of the plant is astringent, anthelmintic and is useful in diarrhea and inflammation of gastric and intestinal mucous membranes. Today this subject is controversial, and scarcely considered in textbooks and journals of botany, in spite of its importance.
Pteridophytes have little leaves microphyll and large leaves macrophyll. Eichler 1883 divided the plant kingdom into cryptogamia and phanerogamia. The reproduction in pteridophytes takes place with the help of spores. I the position of the sporangia differs among the groups, but they are always found on the sporophyte. Pteridophytes or pteridophyta, in the broad interpretation of the term, are vascular plants plants with xylem and phloem that reproduce and disperse via spores. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that reproduces using spores. As they produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are referred to as cryptogams. These spores germinate and give rise to gametophytes. For a long time, fern spores viability has been measured by means of germination. Once considered of the same evolutionary line, these plants were formerly placed in the single group pteridophyta and were known as the ferns and fern allies. Lower vascular plant, formerly pteridophyte, also called vascular cryptogam, any of the spore bearing vascular plants, including the ferns, club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts, horsetails, and whisk ferns. The spores are produced by the sporangia in the spore mother cells.
Spore holding capacity of bryophyte colonies influences. As might be expected, these ancient plants possess primitive traits. As a group of plants, ferns are not of great economic value. Spores of the genus plagiogyria are tetrahedal, with a trilete aperture. Its an economically valuable species which is used as a bio fertilizer. In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. The first vascular plants rapidly diversified to cover the earth. The heterosporous pteridophytes produce microspores and megaspores which germinate to give rise to male and female gametophytes respectively. Eventualy some species developed the ability to reproduce by seeds. They live in shady places that provide enough moisture, such as forests, fields, swamps and areas near the streams. Ferns, horsetails often treated as ferns, and lycophytes clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts are all pteridophytes. They generally live as an understory plant in shaded, moist areas, although their habitat varies considerably.
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